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Neither this manual, nor any of the material contained herein, may be reproduced without written consent of the author. Version 1. Page 2 RF emission limits governing this device. Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the system's manu- facturer could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. Operation is subject to the follow- ing conditions: This device may not cause harmful interference, and This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
Canadian Department of Communications This class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference- causing Equipment Regulations. Page 5 Integrated Peripherals Option Page 7: Features bit stereo full-duplex codec with independent and vari- able sampling rates. Further features include support for four analog line-level stereo inputs. Page Installing The Mainboard Installing the Mainboard Follow these safety precautions when installing the mainboard: Wear a grounding strap attached to a grounded device to avoid damage from static electricity.
Discharge static electricity by touching the metal case of a safely grounded object before working on the mainboard. Leave components in the static-proof bags they came in. Page Installing The Mainboard In A Case Refer to the following illustration and instructions for installing the mainboard in a case: This illustration shows an ex- 2.
Secure the mainboard with ample of a mainboard being screws where appropriate. Pin 1 is labeled. Page Connecting Case Components After you have installed the mainboard into a case, you can begin connecting the mainboard components.
Socket boards will have much tougher power design specifications that will be necessary to feed these thirsty processors at 3. Subsequent versions of the Prescott processor, including the 3. At the low-end, Intel will continue to use the Socket platform for its Celeron processor through Over the year, the Celeron will slowly ramp up to 3.
It will eventually migrate to the Socket platform as well near the end of the year. All 90nm Celerons will get a bump to kB of L2 cache. The word "socket" is now a misnomer, because an LGA motherboard has no socket holes, instead it has protruding pins which touch contact points on the underside of the processor CPU.
In July , Intel released the desktop version of the Core 2 Duo codenamed Conroe , which also uses this socket, as does the subsequent Core 2 Quad. The 'T' in Socket T was derived from the now cancelled Tejas core, which was to replace the Prescott core. As it is now the motherboard which has the pins, rather than the CPU, the risk of pins being bent is transferred from the CPU to the motherboard.
The risk of bent pins is reduced because the pins are spring-loaded and locate onto a surface, rather than into a hole.
Also, the CPU is pressed into place by a "load plate", rather than human fingers directly. The installing technician lifts the hinged "load plate", inserts the processor, closes the load plate over the top of the processor, and pushes down a locking lever. The pressure of the locking lever on the load plate clamps the processor's gold contact points firmly down onto the motherboard's pins, ensuring a good connection.
The load plate only covers the edges of the top surface of the CPU; the center is free to make contact with the cooling mechanism placed on top of the CPU. Improvements in Heat Dissipation The force from the load plate ensures that the processor is completely level, giving the CPU's upper surface optimal contact with the heat sink or cold-water block fixed onto the top of the CPU to carry away the heat generated by the CPU.
This socket also introduces a new method of connecting the heat dissipation interface to the chip surface and motherboard. With Socket T, the heat dissipation interface is connected directly to the motherboard on four points, compared with the two connections of the Socket and the "clamshell" four-point connection of the Socket LGA was announced to have better heat dissipation properties than the Socket it was designed to replace; but the Prescott core CPUs in their early incarnations ran much hotter than the previous Northwood-core Pentium 4 CPUs, and this initially neutralized the benefits of better heat transfer.
Socket T mechanical load limits All socket T processors Pentium 4, Celeron, Core 2 and Quad Xeon have the following mechanical maximum load limits which should not be exceeded during heatsink assembly, shipping conditions, or standard use. Load above those limits will crack the processor die and make it unusable. The transition to the LGA packaging has lowered those load limits, which are smaller than the load limits of Socket processors but they are bigger than socket and socket A processors which were fragile.
They are large enough to ensure that processors will not crack. It launched on May 9, , as part of the Santa Rosa platform. Socket P has pins, but is not pin-compatible with Socket M. Tell more about computer knownledges and computer tutorial. Friday, August 15, Cloned Motherboards. X MLU v3. X M v5. Labels: troubleshooting Posted by jazz filling at AM 0 comments.
Monday, August 11, Athlon Read More Labels: processor Posted by jazz filling at PM 1 comments. PC Assembling Problems. Next Pentium 4. In , just a few years after the first integrated circuits saw the light of day, a chemist by the name of Dr.
The last Socket Pentium 4 processor is the 3. As an aside, these 90nm Celerons may be of some interest to overclockers. Incremental Improvements Beyond the previously discussed items, Prescott also contains several incremental improvements versus the previous Northwood core.
Increased micro-op scheduler capacity Improved hardware and software prefetching capability Additionally, to clear up any confusion that may be caused by the marketing, the following table summarizes current Intel Pentium 4 processors that are available as of today.
These processors are available at retail and OEM levels as of the time of publication of this article. Something Rotten in Santa Clara Despite what seems to be a largely improved processor, and one that should easily outperform a Northwood-core Pentium 4 at equivalent clock speed, this is not the case. Firstly, Prescott was delayed. Earlier roadmaps showed Prescott arriving at the end of , which clearly hasn't been the case. From a company that prides itself on adhering to its roadmaps religiously, and that typically talks about these changes openly, this is some rather alarming behavior.
Typically a process shrink like this would allow an almost instant boost in clockspeed. The final Northwood at 3.
This time, on the other hand, the drop to 90nm seems not to be resulting in the usual improvements. So much so, in fact, that a rather last-minute change to the pipeline was necessary to produce decent yields at the promised speeds. See our benchmarks for direct comparison. Some would no doubt argue that Intel is simply taking its time, and preparing for the future, as there's no imminent danger from AMD at the moment which also seems to be having trouble with its nm strained silicon process - coincidence?
There may be some validity to that argument. Yet its actions seem to indicate behind-the-scenes scrambling. Usually when there's this much whispering about problems, and such a tight-lipped reaction from the company, there's at least some truth to the speculation.
We leave you to form your own conclusions. Benchmark Configuration Intel Pentium 4 Processor 3. Labels: processor Posted by jazz filling at AM 0 comments. Socket T. Socket P. Older Posts. Subscribe to: Posts Atom. Labels processor 19 troubleshooting 3. Substitution expressions may contain the cascade modifier, which ensures that results of the query are iterated in breadth-first order, where depth is defined by the relation used int the substitution.
A useful application of cascade is transform systems, where parents need to be transformed before their children. The term in the following example finds the Transform component from both This and its parent, while ordering the results of the query breadth-first:. In an actual transform system we would also want to match the root, which can be achieved by making the second term optional:. The default behavior of a substitution term is to stop looking when an object with the required component has been found.
The following example shows a term that specifies that the substitution needs to keep looking, so that the entire tree upwards or downwards for a subject is returned:.
So far all the substitution terms have applied to a default This subject. Substitution can also be defined on entities other than This :. NOTE : While substitution can require recursive algorithms, cached queries do not perform this logic when iterating results. Matching for cached queries is only performed when queries are created, and afterwards, when new archetypes are created. As a result, cached queries can have complex expressions without visible impact on iteration performance. NOTE : Subset substitution rules are not yet supported for cached queries.
Terms with all are not supported yet in cached queries. Queries can work with transitive relations. A relation R is transitive if the following is true:. A common example of transitivity is inheritance. Suppose an application keeps track of the location of entities. Entities can be located in a neighborhood, which are part of a city, which are part of a country.
We could create a LocatedIn relation with a few locations like this:. At the moment this query will not match with the entity, because the entity itself does not have LocatedIn, SanFrancisco.
We can however change this behavior by making the LocatedIn relation transitive:. We can now also run this query:. To understand how transitivity is implemented, we need to look at how queries interpret a transitive relation. When a query encounters a transitive relation, it inserts a substitution term for that relation. Consider the previous example with a transitive LocatedIn relation:.
To achieve this, a query will insert an implicit substitution on the object, when the relation is transitive:. Note that the substitution includes self , as we also should match entities that are in SanFrancisco itself. Transitive relations are not allows to have cycles.
While neither queries nor the storage check for cycles doing so would be too expensive , adding a cycle with a transitive relation can cause infinite recursion when evaluating the relation with a query.
The IsA relation is a builtin flecs relation that allows applications to define that an object is a subset of another object. Consider an application that categorizes artworks. It could create the following IsA hierarchy:. The IsA relation is transitive. This means that adding Portrait to MonaLisa , also means that the entity should be treated as if it also had Artwork and Painting.
Queries do automatic IsA substitution on the predicate, subject and object. To see how this works exactly, let's use the previous example.
A query term could ask for all entities that are an artwork:. Ordinarily this would only match entities that have Artwork , but because there are entities with an IsA relation to Artwork , this query should expand to:. To achieve this, a query implicitly substitutes terms with their IsA subsets. When written out in full, this looks like:. The default relation for set substitution is IsA , so we can rewrite this as a slightly shorter term:.
Note the all modifier. We need to consider all subsets, not just the subsets until a result has been found, to find all entities that are artworks. The predicate is not the only part of a query for which implicit IsA substitution happens. Imagine we use this query to find all things that are an artwork:. Instead of storing the actual artworks the MonaLisa this query returns all the things that are an artwork: Painting , Portrait and SelfPortrait.
To achieve this, the query needs to substitute the object. Finally, the subject itself can also be automatically substituted. This is quite common for applications that use the IsA relation to construct prefabs. Consider the following code that creates a spaceship prefab:. We can now use this prefab to create an entity that shares its components with the IsA relation:. Suppose we now want to find all entities that exceed their maximum speed.
We could use the following query:. When written out, this substitution looks like this:. NOTE : cached queries currently do not support implicit substitution on predicates and objects. Implicit IsA substitution on subjects needs to be enabled explicitly, by specifying subset or self subset as the subject.
This behavior may change in future versions, as more efficient methods become available to find the set of IsA subsets or supersets for an entity. An application can mark an entity as Final , which means that it cannot have IsA subsets. This is similar to the meaning of Final in class-based inheritance, where a final class cannot be derived from.
A query will not do implicit IsA substitution for predicates if they are final. When a component is registered, it is made Final by default, which means that for regular component queries a query will never attempt to substitute the predicate.
Additionally, the algorithm that searches for IsA subsets may run more efficient when a Final subset is found. To mark an entity as final, an application can add the Final tag:. Home Query Manual Queries are the mechanism that allow applications to get the entities that match with a certain set of conditions.
Query kinds Flecs has two different kinds of queriers: cached and uncached. Filter uncached A filter is an uncached query that is cheap to create and finds matching entities as it is being iterated.
Query cached A query is a data structure that caches its results. In pseudo code, query evaluation roughly looks like this: for archetype in query. Query creation Queries can be created in different ways in flecs, which are described here. Query DSL The query DSL domain specific language is a flecs-specific string-based format that can be parsed at runtime into a valid query object. For example: Entitiy Components table Value used for sorting E1 Position 1 E2 Position 3 E3 Position 4 E4 Position, Velocity 5 E5 Position, Velocity 7 E6 Position, Mass 8 E7 Position 10 E8 Position 11 To make sure a query iterates the entities in the right order, it will iterate entities in the ordered tables to determine the largest slice of ordered entities in each table, which the query will iterate in order.
For the above set of entities, these slices would look like this: Table Slice Position Query Concepts Now that we have the basics under our belt, lets look a bit more in-depth at the different concepts from which queries are composed. Expression An expression refers to all the terms of the query. Term A term is a single element of a query expression.
Identifier A query term may contain one or more string-based identifiers that refer to the different entities in the term, such as "Position" and "Velocity". Operator An operator specifies how the term should be applied to the query. Queries support the following operators: And operator This is the default operator. Not operator The Not operator instructs a query to reverse the result of a term.
Optional components are faster because of three reasons: Queries iterate archetypes, and if an archetype does not have the optional component, none of the entities in the archetype do. Predicate Each term has exactly one predicate.
Subject A subject is the argument passed to a predicate. This " This " is the placeholder for an entity or archetype being evaluated by a query. Thus a simple query like this: Position, Velocity actually looks like this when written out with explicit subjects: Position This , Velocity This Object An object is an optional second argument that can be passed to a predicate.
Component When a term refers to a component, it appears as a predicate with a single argument subject. Relation A relation in a term is a predicate with two arguments, a subject and an object. To constrain the query to only return Likes relationships for objects that are also colleagues, we can use a variable: Likes, X , Colleague, X A variable is an identifier that is local to the query.
For example, this query returns all the relationships the This entity has with each object it likes as R : Likes, X , R, X A useful application for variables is ensuring that an entity has a component referenced by a relationship. With variables this can be ensured: ExpiryTimer, C , C Variables allow queries to arbitrarily traverse the entity relationship graph. Set Substitution The different parts of a query term predicates, subjects, objects can be automatically substituted by following one of their relationships.
It is for example possible to start the search on This itself, and when the component is not found on This , keep searching by following the ChildOf relation: Position self super ChildOf A substitution that has both self and superset or subset is also referred to as an "inclusive" substitution. The term in the following example finds the Transform component from both This and its parent, while ordering the results of the query breadth-first: Transform, Transform cascade super ChildOf In an actual transform system we would also want to match the root, which can be achieved by making the second term optional: Transform,?
Transform cascade super ChildOf Substitute for All The default behavior of a substitution term is to stop looking when an object with the required component has been found. The following example shows a term that specifies that the substitution needs to keep looking, so that the entire tree upwards or downwards for a subject is returned: Transform all super ChildOf Substitution on Identifiers So far all the substitution terms have applied to a default This subject.
Transitivity Queries can work with transitive relations. Transitivity and Substitution To understand how transitivity is implemented, we need to look at how queries interpret a transitive relation. To achieve this, a query will insert an implicit substitution on the object, when the relation is transitive: LocatedIn, SanFrancisco[self sub LocatedIn ] Note that the substitution includes self , as we also should match entities that are in SanFrancisco itself.
Transitivity and Cycles Transitive relations are not allows to have cycles. The IsA relation The IsA relation is a builtin flecs relation that allows applications to define that an object is a subset of another object. A query term could ask for all entities that are an artwork: Artwork Ordinarily this would only match entities that have Artwork , but because there are entities with an IsA relation to Artwork , this query should expand to: Artwork Painting Portrait SelfPortrait To achieve this, a query implicitly substitutes terms with their IsA subsets.
When written out in full, this looks like: Artwork[self all sub IsA ] The default relation for set substitution is IsA , so we can rewrite this as a slightly shorter term: Artwork[self all subset] Note the all modifier. Imagine we use this query to find all things that are an artwork: IsA , Artwork Instead of storing the actual artworks the MonaLisa this query returns all the things that are an artwork: Painting , Portrait and SelfPortrait.
When written out, this substitution looks like this: MaxSpeed self superset , Velocity self superset When all implicit substitution is written out in full, a single component query looks like this: Component [self all subset] self superset NOTE : cached queries currently do not support implicit substitution on predicates and objects.
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